[Hasashen Tattalin Arziki] Masana'antun kasar Sin suna bukatar samun rinjaye cikin gaggawa a duniya.

Yan Ansheng

A halin yanzu, yanayin masana'antu na duniya yana fuskantar manyan sauye-sauye, kuma masana'antu, a matsayin muhimmiyar alama ta ƙarfin ƙasa, ya zama babban yanki na gasa tsakanin ƙasashe. Bayan shekaru da dama na ci gaba, masana'antun Sin sun canza daga "masana'antar duniya" zuwa "masu samar da wutar lantarki," suna riƙe da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta duniya. A cewar rahoton "Rahoton Ma'aunin Ci gaban Wutar Lantarki na Masana'antu na China na 2025," na Kwalejin Injiniya ta China a cikin 2024, ma'aunin ci gaban wutar lantarki na masana'antu na China ya yi daidai da Jamus da Japan, wanda ya sanya ta a matsayi na biyu na manyan masana'antun duniya kuma ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin masana'antu mafi gasa bayan Amurka. Duk da haka, duk da matsayinta na jagora a girma, amincin sarkar samar da kayayyaki, da wasu fannoni na fasaha, China ba ta fahimci cikakken matsayi a masana'antar duniya ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da makomar, masana'antar Sin dole ne ta yi aiki tare don magance rauninta, ƙarfafa fa'idodinta, ƙarfafa kirkire-kirkire, da zurfafa haɗin gwiwa don cimma nasarar da ta samu daga "mai shiga" zuwa "mai tsara mulki" da kuma ƙoƙarin mamaye duniya.

I. Amincewa da Rauni: Cin Nasara Kan Matsalolin da Inganta Gasar Ciniki. Duk da cewa darajar masana'antu ta China ta ƙara kusan kashi 35% na jimillar duniya, kuma ita ce ƙasa ɗaya tilo a duniya da ke da dukkan manyan rukunan masana'antu 41 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware, har yanzu tana da rauni a manyan fasahohin zamani. Idan aka ɗauki semiconductors a matsayin misali, wani bincike na 2023 da Nikkei Asian Review ta yi ya nuna cewa ƙimar wadatar da kai ta guntu ta China ta ɗan fi kashi 20%, nesa da cimma burin wadatar da kai na kashi 70% nan da shekarar 2025. Ƙwayoyin sarrafawa masu inganci, software na masana'antu, da kayan aikin daidaito har yanzu suna dogara sosai kan shigo da kaya daga ƙasashen waje, suna takaita tsaro da ƙarin darajar sarkar masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, tasirin alamar har yanzu bai isa ba; yawancin kamfanonin China har yanzu suna cikin matakin OEM ko matakin alamar ƙasa zuwa matsakaici, ba su da sha'awar alamar duniya ta manyan kamfanoni kamar Apple da Tesla. Saboda haka, babban aikin da ake yi wajen neman rinjaye shi ne a tattara albarkatu kan shawo kan fasahar da ke kawo cikas, musamman a cikin manyan kwakwalwan kwamfuta, kayan aikin injina na masana'antu, da manyan kayan aiki, yayin da a lokaci guda ake wayar da kan jama'a game da alamar kasuwanci "daga OEM zuwa ƙirƙirar alamar kasuwanci," tare da haɓaka ƙimar alamar kasuwanci da kuma shahara a duniya.

II. Haɗakar da Fa'idodi: Ƙarfafa Maɓuɓɓugar Dukan Sarkar Masana'antu da Ingantaccen Masana'antu Babban fa'idar masana'antar masana'antu ta China tana cikin ƙarfinta na tallafawa masana'antu da ingancin sarkar samar da kayayyaki. Rukunin masana'antu masu inganci waɗanda aka kafa a Delta na Kogin Yangtze da Pearl River Delta sun rage yawan zagayowar juyawa daga kayan masarufi zuwa kayayyakin da aka gama, wanda hakan ya haifar da saurin amsawa wanda ya zarce na sauran ƙasashe. A fannin sabbin motocin makamashi, China tana da fiye da kashi 60% na kasuwar batirin wutar lantarki ta duniya, tare da kamfanoni kamar CATL (3750.HK) da BYD (1211.HK) suna gina cikakken yanayin muhalli daga sarrafa ma'adinai zuwa sake amfani da batir. A cewar bayanai daga Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA), ɗaya daga cikin motocin lantarki biyu a duniya ana samar da su ne ta kamfanin China. Wannan tsarin kera "cikakken sarka, mai inganci, kuma mai araha" shine babban maɓuɓɓugar da China ke amfani da ita don shiga gasa ta duniya. Nan gaba, ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don ƙara inganta tsarin ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na yanki, haɓaka sauye-sauye na dijital da na fasaha, gina ƙarin "masana'antun hasken wuta," da kuma ci gaba da ƙarfafa matsayin China a matsayin "cibiyar masana'antu ta duniya."

III. Ci Gaban da Yake Dauke da Sabbin Dabaru: Amfani da Fasaha Don Kwace Sarƙoƙin Daraja Masu Kyau. Kirkirar Fasaha ita ce babbar hanyar samun rinjaye. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, China ta cimma wani babban ci gaba daga kamawa zuwa ci gaba da tafiya har ma da jagoranci a fannoni kamar 5G, layin dogo mai sauri, da sadarwa ta kwantum. Huawei da ZTE suna da sama da kashi 30% na haƙƙin mallaka na 5G kuma sun jagoranci tsara ƙa'idodi na duniya da yawa. Hanyar sadarwa ta jirgin ƙasa mai sauri ta China ta wuce kilomita 42,000, wanda ya kai kashi biyu bisa uku na jimillar duniya, kuma an yi nasarar fitar da ita zuwa ƙasashe kamar Indonesia da Laos. Rahoton "Rahoton Ma'aunin Ci Gaban Wutar Lantarki na China na 2025" ya jaddada cewa inganci, inganci, da saka hannun jari a cikin bincike na asali su ne manyan gibin da ke tsakaninta da Amurka. Saboda haka, ya zama dole a ci gaba da ƙara saka hannun jari a cikin R&D. A cikin 2023, ƙarfin R&D na China ya kai kashi 2.55%, har yanzu ƙasa da na Amurka kusan kashi 3.5%. Ya kamata a ƙarfafa rawar da kamfanoni ke takawa a fannin kirkire-kirkire, sannan a haɓaka haɗin kai tsakanin masana'antu, cibiyoyin ilimi, bincike, da aikace-aikace, tare da mai da hankali kan fannoni na zamani kamar fasahar wucin gadi, masana'antar halittu, da kuma robots na ɗan adam. Misali, kamfanoni kamar Unitree Robotics suna haɓaka bincike da haɓaka su, kuma yawan robots na masana'antu da aka samar a cikin gida ya riga ya zama na uku a duniya, wanda zai iya zama sabon ginshiƙin ci gaba don samar da kayayyaki a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.

IV. Zurfafa Haɗin gwiwa: Haɗa kai cikin Tsarin Yanayi na Duniya da Shiga Cikin Tsarin Dokoki. Babban rawar da ake takawa wajen tsara dokoki ba wai kawai ta samo asali ne daga ƙarfi ba har ma da tasiri. China tana canzawa daga "mabiyin doka" zuwa "mai yin doka." Ta hanyar Shirin Belt and Road, China ta fitar da layin dogo mai sauri, layin wutar lantarki, da sabbin ƙa'idodin fasahar makamashi zuwa ƙasashe da dama, suna haɓaka aiwatar da tsarin "mafita na China + aikin gida". A fannoni kamar tattalin arzikin dijital da makamashin kore, China tana shiga cikin tsarin daidaito na duniya, tana ƙoƙarin samun murya a fannoni kamar hasken rana, ajiyar makamashi, da lissafin sawun carbon. A lokaci guda, ya kamata ta ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa da kamfanoni a Turai, Amurka, Japan, da Koriya ta Kudu a binciken fasaha da haɓaka, daidaita ka'idoji, da faɗaɗa kasuwa don guje wa rabuwar fasaha da rarrabuwar kasuwa. Ta hanyar shiga cikin yanayin masana'antu na duniya ne kawai China za ta iya samun himma wajen tsara dokoki da haɓaka muryarta ta hukuma.

Mamayar da China ke yi a masana'antu a duniya ba wai kawai wani zaɓi ne da ba makawa ba ga ci gabanta, har ma da wani muhimmin ƙarfi da ke haifar da ci gaban duniya da kuma ci gaban wayewa. Na farko, daga mahangar tattalin arziki, rinjaye yana nufin iko kan sarƙoƙin darajar duniya. Ta hanyar amfani da cikakkiyar fa'idodin sarƙoƙin masana'antu da girmanta, masana'antar China ta zama "mai ƙarfi" don daidaita sarƙoƙin samar da kayayyaki na duniya. Yayin da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Afirka ke dogaro da fasahar China don haɓaka masana'antu, kuma yayin da haɗin gwiwar ababen more rayuwa da ƙarfin samarwa a ƙarƙashin Shirin Belt and Road ke amfanar ƙasashe da dama, rinjayen masana'antun China ya wuce fannin tattalin arziki, yana zama muhimmin tallafi don haɓaka daidaiton ci gaban yanki. Wannan ikon yana sa China ta fi juriya a tsakanin canjin tattalin arzikin duniya kuma yana samar da sabbin hanyoyi zuwa masana'antu ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Na biyu, daga mahangar fasaha, rinjaye shine ginshiƙin jagoranci na kirkire-kirkire da yin dokoki. A baya, ƙa'idodin fasaha sun mamaye Turai da Amurka; a yau, ci gaban fasaha na China a cikin layin dogo mai sauri, 5G, da photovoltaics suna haifar da sake fasalin dokoki. Misali, rawar da China ke takawa a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa don hanyoyin sadarwa na jirgin ƙasa ya karya ikon mallakar Turai, kuma masana'antar photovoltaic tana haifar da sauyin makamashi na duniya. Gudanar da iko yana nufin iya canza fa'idodin fasaha zuwa murya, cike gibin da ke cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya da mafita na China, da kuma haɓaka ci gaban fasaha na duniya a cikin alkibla mafi buɗewa da haɗaka.

A wani mataki mai zurfi, rinjayen duniya shine ginshiƙin tattalin arziki na sake farfaɗo da wayewar Sin. Lokacin da "Made in China" ya karya ikon mallakar ƙasashen yamma a masana'antu, a zahiri yana haɓaka daidaita yanayin wayewar kai. Wannan ba wasa ne na sifili ba, amma yana ba da hanyoyi da yawa don ci gaban duniya - ba kwafin tsarin Yamma ko tsohuwar hanyar warewa da kiyaye kai ba, amma sake gina tsarin duniya mafi daidaito bisa ga hikimar Gabas ta buɗewa, haɗa kai, haɗin gwiwa, da sakamakon cin nasara. "Made in China" fahimtar ikon duniya ba game da neman iko ba ne, amma game da ɗaukar nauyi da ƙarfi da jagorantar canji tare da kirkire-kirkire. A nan gaba, tare da ci gaba a fannoni na zamani kamar ƙididdigar kwantum da masana'antar halittu, "Made in China" zai hanzarta tsalle zuwa "An ƙirƙira a China." A wannan lokacin, rinjayen ba wai kawai zai shafi tasowa da faɗuwar wata ƙasa ba, har ma zai zama ƙarfin da ke motsa wayewar ɗan adam zuwa sabon matsayi.